Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.

Communicable Disease Selection

1. Chickenpox
2. Tuberculosis
3. Influenza
4. Mononucleosis
5. Hepatitis B
6. HIV
7. Ebola
8. Measles
9. Polio
10. Influenza

Epidemiology Paper Requirements

1. Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
2. Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.

A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite .

 

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Respond on two different days who selected different treatments and factors than you, in the following ways:

Offer alternative common treatments for the disorders.

Share insight on how the factor you selected impacts the treatment of alterations of digestive function.

                                                        Main Post

Many patients will present with disease processes that have the same or similar symptoms, and it will be the responsibility of the practitioner to diagnose and provide treatment accurately. The gastrointestinal tract is one area where misdiagnoses occur due to the common signs and symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are two common misdiagnosed disorders that will be explored, the pathophysiology explained, proper treatment, and the effects gender has on these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises three key disorders; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and microscopic colitis all attributed to an inflammation process but each affects the body differently. Research by El-Salhy and Hausken (2016) explains that the inflammation in Crohn’s disease is transmural in nature and occurs in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, while the inflammation in ulcerative colitis is more superficial and affects the rectocolonic mucosa, and the inflammation in microscopic manifests as mucosal and submucosal infiltration of immune cells without ulcerations or crypt abscesses and occurs in the colon.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease, although the pathophysiology is still not fully understood. Combination of low-grade mucosal inflammation with visceral hypersensitivity and impaired bowel motility could be the underlying etiology for IBS pathogenesis (Chong et al., 2019). Alterations in the gut microbiota and dietary choices play a central role in disease development. According to O’Malley (2019), IBS is complex multifactorial pathophysiology, that involves dysfunction of the bi-directional signaling axis between the brain and the gut, this axis incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the autonomic nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and immune factors, local paracrine and neurocrine factors and microbial metabolites. 

Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Treatment for IBS and IBD focuses on treating not only the symptoms but the underlying cause of the disease. Treatment for IBS includes; dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics, mixed μ-opioid receptor agonist–δ-opioid receptor antagonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist, Serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).  Treatment for IBD is more complex due to IBD being composed of three different diseases, each requires different treatment plans, but there is some crossover. Corticosteroids, probiotics, immunomodulatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antitumor necrosis factor therapy, anti-interleukin 12/23 antibody drugs, janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, SMAD 7 inhibitor, and FMT are treatments available for IBD. 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are the first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UC (Su et al., 2019). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy works well on both UC and CD, JAK inhibitor works for UC and not CD, SMAD 7 inhibitor works for CD but not UC.

Gender’s Affect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Research conducted by Kosako, Akiho, Miwa, Kanazawa, and Fukudo (2018) acknowledges that the higher prevalence of IBS in women compared with men may be associated with sex hormone fluctuations, which reportedly affect IBS symptoms, with symptoms appearing stronger before menstruation. Women may also receive a delay in treatment to both IBD and IBS due to the perceived perception of pain being misdiagnosed by the primary care practitioner. 

Conclusion

The gastrointestinal tract has many disorders where the signs and symptoms are the same. It is imperative that the practitioner distinguishes between diseases as the therapies can become complicated. The practitioner must do a comprehensive physical exam, as well as a health history with the patient to determine the path towards diagnosis. Laboratory data and imaging can also play a key role in determining the proper treatment plan and diagnosis. Unsuccessful medical treatment will warrant more invasive procedures in an attempt to visualize the underlying issue.

                                                                                                                                 References

Chong, P. P., Chin, V. K., Looi, C. Y., Wong, W. F., Madhavan, P., & Yong, V. C. (2019). The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome–A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1136.. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136

El-Salhy, M., & Hausken, T. (2016). The role of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuropeptides, 55, 137–144. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.005

Kosako, M., Akiho, H., Miwa, H., Kanazawa, M., & Fukudo, S. (2018). Impact of symptoms by gender and age in Japanese subjects with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C): A large population-based internet survey. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 12(1). https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s13030-018-0131-2

O’Malley, D. (2019). Endocrine regulation of gut function – a role for glucagon‐like peptide‐1 in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Experimental Physiology, 104(1), 3–10. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1113/EP087443

Su, H.-J., Chiu, Y.-T., Chiu, C.-T., Lin, Y.-C., Wang, C.-Y., Hsieh, J.-Y., & Wei, S.-C. (2019). Inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment in 2018: Global and Taiwanese status updates. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(7), 1083–1092. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.005Many patients will present with disease processes that have the same or similar symptoms, and it will be the responsibility of the practitioner to diagnose and provide treatment accurately. The gastrointestinal tract is one area where misdiagnoses occur due to the common signs and symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome are two common misdiagnosed disorders that will be explored, the pathophysiology explained, proper treatment, and the effects gender has on these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises three key disorders; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and microscopic colitis all attributed to an inflammation process but each affects the body differently. Research by El-Salhy and Hausken (2016) explains that the inflammation in Crohn’s disease is transmural in nature and occurs in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, while the inflammation in ulcerative colitis is more superficial and affects the rectocolonic mucosa, and the inflammation in microscopic manifests as mucosal and submucosal infiltration of immune cells without ulcerations or crypt abscesses and occurs in the colon.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease, although the pathophysiology is still not fully understood. Combination of low-grade mucosal inflammation with visceral hypersensitivity and impaired bowel motility could be the underlying etiology for IBS pathogenesis (Chong et al., 2019). Alterations in the gut microbiota and dietary choices play a central role in disease development. According to O’Malley (2019), IBS is complex multifactorial pathophysiology, that involves dysfunction of the bi-directional signaling axis between the brain and the gut, this axis incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the autonomic nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and immune factors, local paracrine and neurocrine factors and microbial metabolites. 

Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Treatment for IBS and IBD focuses on treating not only the symptoms but the underlying cause of the disease. Treatment for IBS includes; dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics, mixed μ-opioid receptor agonist–δ-opioid receptor antagonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist, Serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI), and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).  Treatment for IBD is more complex due to IBD being composed of three different diseases, each requires different treatment plans, but there is some crossover. Corticosteroids, probiotics, immunomodulatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antitumor necrosis factor therapy, anti-interleukin 12/23 antibody drugs, janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, SMAD 7 inhibitor, and FMT are treatments available for IBD. 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are the first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with UC (Su et al., 2019). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy works well on both UC and CD, JAK inhibitor works for UC and not CD, SMAD 7 inhibitor works for CD but not UC.

Gender’s Affect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Research conducted by Kosako, Akiho, Miwa, Kanazawa, and Fukudo (2018) acknowledges that the higher prevalence of IBS in women compared with men may be associated with sex hormone fluctuations, which reportedly affect IBS symptoms, with symptoms appearing stronger before menstruation. Women may also receive a delay in treatment to both IBD and IBS due to the perceived perception of pain being misdiagnosed by the primary care practitioner. 

Conclusion

The gastrointestinal tract has many disorders where the signs and symptoms are the same. It is imperative that the practitioner distinguishes between diseases as the therapies can become complicated. The practitioner must do a comprehensive physical exam, as well as a health history with the patient to determine the path towards diagnosis. Laboratory data and imaging can also play a key role in determining the proper treatment plan and diagnosis. Unsuccessful medical treatment will warrant more invasive procedures in an attempt to visualize the underlying issue.

                                                                                                                                 References

Chong, P. P., Chin, V. K., Looi, C. Y., Wong, W. F., Madhavan, P., & Yong, V. C. (2019). The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome–A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1136.. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136

El-Salhy, M., & Hausken, T. (2016). The role of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuropeptides, 55, 137–144. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.005

Kosako, M., Akiho, H., Miwa, H., Kanazawa, M., & Fukudo, S. (2018). Impact of symptoms by gender and age in Japanese subjects with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C): A large population-based internet survey. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 12(1). https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s13030-018-0131-2

O’Malley, D. (2019). Endocrine regulation of gut function – a role for glucagon‐like peptide‐1 in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Experimental Physiology, 104(1), 3–10. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1113/EP087443

Su, H.-J., Chiu, Y.-T., Chiu, C.-T., Lin, Y.-C., Wang, C.-Y., Hsieh, J.-Y., & Wei, S.-C. (2019). Inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment in 2018: Global and Taiwanese status updates. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(7), 1083–1092. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.005

 

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Respond on two different days who selected different treatments and factors than you, in the following ways:

Offer alternative common treatments for the disorders.

Share insight on how the factor you selected impacts the treatment of alterations of digestive function

                                                                Main Post

                                                 Irritable Bowel Syndrome

     IBS is a symptom-based disease and results in altered bowel habits and abdominal pain.  While there are no specific biomarkers for the disease, it is believed the gut immune response, altered gut microflora, brain-gut axis factor, gut neuroendocrine cell function factor, epigenetic, and genetic susceptibility factors all seem to play a role.  The diagnostic criteria would be a determination of at least three days per month in the last three months with two or more of these additional symptoms; symptoms improve with defecation, change in frequency of stool, change in the appearance of the stool, and onset greater than six months before diagnosis.  The syndrome may be diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant, or alterations between the two.  Symptoms include bloating, gas, and nausea.  Relief can typically occur upon defecation.  Treatment for IBS is fiber, laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, low-dose anti-depressants, prosecretory drugs, serotonin antagonist or agonists, and analgesics.  Additionally, alternative therapies, including probiotics, yoga, acupuncture, and dietary interventions, may be prescribed (Huether & McCance, 2017).

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

     Like IBS, IBD also appears to be symptom based.  Symptoms are based on months, not days or weeks.  Recurrent episodes of diarrhea containing blood, mucous, and white cells alert the practitioner of a potential IBD diagnosis.  If the stool samples are negative for microbial pathogens, an IBD diagnosis is likely.  Exacerbations and remissions are a trait associated with IBD.  Gastrointestinal infection and smoking appear to be contributing factors.  IBD is broken down into two forms known as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).  Crohn’s disease may occur anywhere in the GI tract from mouth to anus, while UC is limited to the colonic mucosa (Hammer & McPhee, 2019).  Treatment for IBD is aimed at reducing the inflammation.  Treatment may include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system suppressors, antibiotics, pain relievers, anti-diarrheal, iron supplements, vitamin D, and calcium supplements (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Different Patient Factors in IBS and IBD

     IBS is more prevalent in women by up to three times more likely.  North America has a 12% prevalence.  IBS sufferers are likely to have depression, reduced quality of life, and anxiety.  There does not appear to be a gender factor for IBD. However, there are environmental factors and genetic links (Hammer & McPhee, 2019).  Ashkenazi Jewish decent seem to have the highest hereditary factor (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

References

Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th  ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Inflammatory bowel disease.  Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320

 

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 Write a 5–6 page, APA-formatted report that explains the responses to a global event, how issues of race, class, and gender may have affected the response, and the role of international and altruistic organizations in providing health care services related to the event. Describe barriers to receiving health care services related to the event, and explain the role of the professional nurse in providing health care services related to the global event. 

Preparation

Suppose that within your health care organization there is no formal process or structure for health care professionals to volunteer time and services in times of global need. You would like to develop a proposal for establishing a process that would allow nurses and other health care professionals to secure time off to work with a specific worldwide organization, to provide health care services during global events. As part of the proposal, you would need to provide background research to support your request.

Conduct background research on either one of the following to support the proposal you would develop:

• Choose one worldwide epidemic, such as the 2009 flu pandemic, 2009 mumps outbreak, 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the recent Ebola virus epidemic, or another epidemic. Research articles that focus on how the initial outbreak was handled; the role of social attitudes and issues of race, class, and gender in responding to the outbreak; barriers to people receiving proper health care; and the role of nursing in providing health care services related to the epidemic.
• Choose one natural disaster, such as the earthquakes in Haiti, Pakistan, or Nepal; Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar; the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, or any other natural disaster that brought a worldwide response. Research articles that focus on the initial response to the disaster; the role of social attitudes and issues of race, class, and gender in responding to the disaster; barriers to survivors receiving health care; and the role of nursing in providing health care services related to the disaster.

Requirements

For this assessment, develop background research that would support a proposal for an organizational process allowing health care professionals to volunteer time and services when global events happen. First, identify the global event you will be using in your research, and then:

• Explain how the local and national (meaning the nation in which the event took place) communities responded to the event. Who responded? How long did the first response take? How did health care providers respond?
• Explain how social attitudes, as well as issues of race, class, gender, or other factors may have influenced the response to the event. Be sure you consider not only the response of the home country, but the global response as well.
• Describe barriers to health care services for the people impacted by the event. Some barriers may be obvious, and other barriers less obvious; try to consider multiple aspects.
• Explain the role of international health organizations and altruistic organizations in providing health care services related to the global event.
• Explain the role of the professional nurse in providing health care services related to the global event. Consider scope of practice when working professionally out of one’s area of license—either nationally or globally.

Additional Requirements

Complete your assessment using the following specifications:

• Title page and reference page.
• Number of pages: 5–6 (not  including the title and reference pages).
• At least 4 current scholarly or professional resources.
• APA format for the entire document, including citations and references.
• Times New Roman font, 12-point, double-spaced

 

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In 3–5 pages, develop recommendations for a team charter and provide  communication and collaboration strategies for a new interprofessional  team that will work together on challenging cases.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate  your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment  criteria

Effective communication among members of a health care team results  in a unified approach to patient care problems. As patient/family  advocates, nurses are uniquely positioned to coordinate, collaborate,  and communicate. Highly skilled communicators are actually great  listeners. They collect and process information in an effort to fully  understand issues and concerns. They gather information from a variety  of sources: patients, licensed and unlicensed providers, and their own  intuition. Exceptional communicators then filter and share information  with team members (Apker, Propp, Zabava Ford, & Hofmeister, 2006).

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In nursing, effective communication is increasingly viewed as a  mark of professionalism (Propp et al., 2010). When paired with  collaboration and coordination, communication becomes the vehicle for  assuring positive patient outcomes. But what happens when disparate  personalities come together with a common goal? How will communication  and collaboration take place?

Teams that function effectively have determined how to work  synergistically, communicate clearly, and address conflict. There are  two types of dysfunction: emotional conflict and task conflict. In each  type, the resulting outcome may be constructive or destructive (Almost,  2006). It is in our diversity that conflict may erupt. Diversity may  include culture, values, language, age, thinking style, or a myriad of  other attributes that make us each unique.

Preparation

Use the Capella library and the Internet to research examples of  interprofessional team charters, communication strategies and conflict  resolution strategies for teams, and methods and technologies used in  team communication.

Requirements

You have been charged with facilitating the launch of an  interprofessional team that will work together on a number of  challenging cases. The team members will come from several different  areas within the organization. The team is expected to have its  orientation meeting in two weeks and then work together collaboratively  for the next six months. Your first task is to develop recommendations  for a team charter that will help the group establish ground rules and  decide who will lead the team. You also need to help the team with  communication and collaboration strategies.

This assessment has two distinct sections: Team Charter  Recommendations and Communication and Collaboration Strategies. Provide  thorough and detailed recommendations and support your recommendations  using examples, references, and citations from your research.

For the Team Charter Recommendations:

• Explain methods to establish ground rules and set expectations.  How might differences in personality, expectations, and experience  affect team efficiency?
• Describe conflict resolution strategies for interprofessional teams.
• Identify effective ways to address issues of team leadership. How  will the team decide who will lead them? What happens if the team  leader is ineffective?

For the Communication and Collaboration Strategies:

• Describe best practices for effective interprofessional  collaboration. What types of technology can be used to support  collaboration?
• Explain the benefits and limitations of different communication  strategies such as e-mail, text, voice mail, and face-to-face. When is  it appropriate to use each type of communication?

This assessment should be 3–5 pages in length, not including the  title page and reference page. Use at least three resources to support  your recommendations, and follow APA guidelines for style and format.

Additional Requirements

• Include a title page and reference page.
• Reference at least three current scholarly or professional resources.
• Use APA format.
• Use Times New Roman font, 12 point.
• Double space.

 

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