Resources: Review Ch. 5 and 6 of Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art, the Week 3 Electronic Reserve Readings, your Video Reflections, and at least one additional scholarly online or library resource.

Prepare a 5- to 10-slide Microsoft^® PowerPoint^® presentation in which you examine the works of photographers working during the 1930s and the work of Abstract Expressionists.

Include responses and discussion of the following in your presentation:

• Three photographers who worked during the 1930s
  • At least two examples of photography from each photographer
  • A description of the types of subjects photographed
  • Your opinion on whether or not photography is a fine art form with an explanation
  • Your opinion regarding how photography has affected American culture

• One Abstract Expressionists painter who worked in post-World War II America
  • At least one art work
  • A description of the style of the painter and why he or she was interested in this style of abstraction
  • A description of how this style emerged in post-World War II America and why it differed from the art work of the 1930s

Submit your American Art Before and After World War II Presentation.

• For Local Campus students, these are oral presentations accompanied by Microsoft^® PowerPoint^® presentations.
• For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft^® PowerPoint^® presentations with speaker’s notes which support and expand upon your bulleted text.

Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines and include a slide with all references.

Submit your assignment using the Assignment Files tab above.

 

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1. <11{1[4(17)17]}> Mrs. Orlof teaches two history classes, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Yesterday she gave the same test to both classes. Anyone who failed the test must take a retest. Since a greater percentage of students who took the morning test failed the test than students who took the afternoon test, more of Orlof’s morning history students than afternoon history students will have to take the retest.

The conclusion above is not necessarily valid because: (Points : 1)     

more students in the morning class may have passed the test than failed the test.

some students may have been absent from both classes.

some of the students who passed the afternoon test may have received information about the test from morning students.

more students may have taken the test in the afternoon than in the morning.

 

Question 2. 2. <11{1[3(02)02]}> Catherine goes to her local movie theater only to see romantic comedies. Since Catherine did not go to the movies yesterday, there is not a romantic comedy playing at her local theater.

The reasoning above is flawed because the evidence: (Points : 1)

does not suggest that Catherine goes to see every romantic comedy that plays at her local movie theater.

implies that Catherine is uninterested in most types of movies.

does not indicate whether Catherine watches only romantic comedies at home.

suggests that Catherine’s local movie theater hardly ever shows romantic comedies.

 

Question 3. 3. <21{1[2(24)24]}> The average height of members of the high school basketball team is six feet, three inches. Jerry is on the high school basketball team, so Jerry must be taller than six feet.

The argument above is flawed because it confuses (Points : 1)

Jerry with other members of the team

the members of one team with the members of another team

people who are six feet three inches tall for people who are exactly six feet tall

an average for the individuals that make up that average.

Question 4. 4. <11{1[4(23)23]}> People have claimed that Jamie’s paintings have given them the blues. Clearly this cannot be entirely correct, since many of Jamie’s paintings contain no blue at all.

The argument above is flawed because the author: (Points : 1)

provides no evidence.

misinterprets a key term.

relies on contradictory facts.

is not a noted painting expert.

 

Question 5. 5. <11{1[2(06)06]}> Reporter: A new campaign finance reform bill being considered by Congress would limit the amount of campaign contributions that political candidates can receive. However, a survey of candidates running for mayor, governor, and senate seats shows that not one of them favors the bill. Clearly, there is no desire among politicians to limit campaign contributions.

Which one of the following points out the flaw in the reporter’s argument above? (Points : 1)

The reporter doesn’t indicate the amount that the new bill would limit campaign contributions.

The evidence provided by the reporter suggests that most politicians are in favor of the new bill.

The reporter wrongly assumes that no politician has ever supported a bill intended to limit campaign contributions.

The views of candidates currently running for office do not necessarily represent the views of all politicians.

 

Question 6. 6. <11{1[1(19)19]}> All sages provide both wisdom and inspiration. Since Dasha’s speech contained wisdom and greatly inspired her audience, Dasha is a sage.

Which one of the following points out the flaw in the argument above? (Points : 1)

Just because Dasha is a sage doesn’t mean that she is always wise and inspirational.

Just because Dasha’s speech provided wisdom and inspiration doesn’t mean that it provided more wisdom than inspiration.

Just because Dasha satisfied two requirements of being a sage doesn’t necessarily mean that she satisfies all the requirements of being a sage.

Just because Dasha provided wisdom and inspiration in a speech doesn’t mean that all sages use speeches to provide wisdom and inspiration.

 

Question 7. 7. <11{2[3(02)26]}> Aron: The two double A batteries in my CD player are dead, so the CD player doesn’t work. My television remote control, which also uses two double A batteries, works fine. So if I move the two batteries from my television remote control to my CD player, the CD player will definitely work.

Aron’s argument is most strengthened if which one of the following is true? (Points : 1)

Aron inserted the current batteries in his television remote control two months before he inserted the current batteries in his CD player.

The amount of energy required to power the CD player is not greater than the amount of energy needed to power the television remote control.

Aron has used his television remote control more times than he has used his CD player since inserting the current batteries into each device.

Double A batteries provide less energy than either C batteries or D batteries.

 

Question 8. 8. <11{2[3(11)35]}> Some politicians claim to support the environment in speeches they make around the country. However, to get to those speeches they ride in gas guzzling, pollution creating private planes. They therefore clearly don’t believe a word of what they say and are actually making the environmental problem worse.

Which one of the following, if true, would best weaken the argument above? (Points : 1)

Some of the politicians try to hide the fact that they travel by private plane to their speeches around the country.

Most people who hear the politicians’ speeches on the environment are unconvinced by their arguments.

A majority of voters surveyed agree that politicians sometimes make society’s problems worse.

Improvements to the environment brought about through the politicians’ public support of environmental regulations more than offset the damage done to the environment by the politicians’ private planes.

Question 9. 9. <21{2[2(12)36]}> Career counselor: It is best for artists to build a practical and safe career that will guarantee them a secure income, and then pursue their art in their spare time. That way, they will be motivated to work hard at their day jobs to support their art making, and both their career and their art will thrive.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument? (Points : 1)

Some forms of art making are expensive and require a good deal of money to pursue.

Many people who aren’t artists prefer to pursue practical and safe careers.

Having the time and money to make art doesn’t guarantee an artist commercial success.

Splitting time between two pursuits in life often causes both to suffer.

 

Question 10. 10. <11{3[1(03)39]}> Last season at City Opera House, far more people attended opera X than opera Y. However, opera Y generated far greater net profits for City Opera House than did opera X.

Each of the following could directly explain the result indicated above EXCEPT: (Points : 1)

a difference in the ticket prices of operas X and Y.

a difference in the operating expenses of operas X and Y.

a difference in the subject matters of operas X and Y.

a difference in the merchandise sales associated with operas X and Y.

 

 Question 11. 11. <11{3[1(07)43]}> As part of its reorganization, company X created five new positions within the company. However, after the reorganization was complete, company X had fewer employees than before the reorganization.

Which one of the following, if true, would best explain the result described above? (Points : 1)

Some employees of the company were switched into new departments to fill the new positions.

Some employees who quit over dissatisfaction with the reorganization were immediately replaced by new hires.

The new positions were created to respond to a greater demand for company X’s products.

Some employees were laid off as a number of old positions were eliminated in the reorganization.

 

 

Question 12. 12. <11{4[2(06)50]}> Choose the pair of words/phrases among the choices that exhibits the same logical relationship as the words/phrases in the following pair.

gavel : judge (Points : 1)

baton : conductor

symphony : composer

stop sign : driver

ruler : math

 

Question 13. 13. <21{4[1(10)54]}> Choose the pair of words/phrases among the choices that exhibits the same logical relationship as the words/phrases in the following pair.

heavy : weight (Points : 1)

dry : wet

feather : scale

hot : temperature

color : size

 

Question 14. 14. <21{4[3(02)46]}> Choose the pair of words/phrases among the choices that exhibits the same logical relationship as the words/phrases in the following pair.

conductor : orchestra (Points : 1)

skater : rink

teacher : principal

producer : movie

director : cast

 

Question 15. 15. <21{5[1(03)59]}> Barney: Last winter, I slipped on the outside stairs of PineTree Café and broke my leg. My fall was caused by ice on the stairs that the restaurant failed to remove. Since the restaurant clearly did not provide a safe atmosphere for its customers, I am justified in taking it to court.

Lydia: Unwarranted lawsuits are sweeping the country—lawsuits that have no legal merit and are brought simply to make lawyers and their clients rich. If this trend continues, soon our legal system will be swamped to the point where it won’t be able to administer justice to people who truly deserve it. You therefore should drop your case against PineTree Café.

The speakers above appear to disagree on which one of the following points? (Points : 1)

Barney is likely to win his case against Pinetree Café.

Barney’s lawsuit against Pinetree Café is unwarranted.

Many unwarranted lawsuits are sweeping the country.

The legal system will soon be unable to administer justice to people who deserve it.

 

Question 16. 16. <11{5[1(01)57]}> Arthur: The solutions to most mystery novels I read are not believable. However, my enjoyment of a mystery novel depends only on its suspenseful mood and colorful characters.

Norton: Roughly 80% of the mystery novels I read have believable solutions, which is good since I do not enjoy mystery novels that don’t have believable solutions.

The speakers above: (Points : 1)

agree that most mystery novels do not have believable solutions.

agree that a suspenseful mood and colorful characters add to the enjoyment of a mystery novel.

disagree on whether a believable solution is required for the enjoyment of a mystery novel.

disagree on whether an author’s enjoyment in creating a mystery novel influences whether that novel will have a believable solution.

 

 Question 17. 17. <11{6[1(07)71]}> The higher the price of an antique, the greater people’s expectation that the object is rare. That, in turn, makes the antique appear more valuable.

If the statements above are correct, then offering an antique for sale at a bargain price: (Points : 1)

will likely increase people’s expectations that the antique is valuable.

will guarantee that the antique will not sell at a profit.

should be encouraged because it increases the likelihood that antique will be sold.

should be discouraged because it lessens a quality that makes that antique desirable.

 

Question 18. 18. <11{6[2(03)67]}> Only circus animals with a clean bill of health will perform in today’s exhibition. A monkey, a poodle, and a horse will perform in today’s exhibition. No circus animals with a clean bill of health were prescribed medications this week.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them? (Points : 1)

The monkey, poodle, and horse are the only animals performing in today’s circus exhibition.

No circus animals were prescribed medications this week.

No more than two circus animals have a clean bill of health.

Neither the monkey nor the horse performing in today’s circus exhibition were prescribed medications this week.

 

Question 19. 19. <21{6[3(08)72]}> Some drugs combat obesity or alcohol addiction by turning off pleasure centers in the brain. However, if the dosage is too high, there’s a risk that people taking them will be plunged into depression.

The statements above, if true, support which one of the following assertions? (Points : 1)

It is useless to try to treat obesity or alcohol addiction through drugs.

All drugs, if taken at too high a dosage, pose the risk that the people taking them will be plunged into depression.

The benefits of a medication may be at least somewhat offset by its side effects.

Drugs that affect pleasure centers in the brain are often taken at dosages considered to be too high.

 

 Question 20. 20. <11{7[1(01)77]}> Detective: The robbery at the mall was carried out by a mall employee acting alone roughly one hour after the mall closed last Saturday night. The only employees present at the mall at the time of the robbery were security guards Evans and Clark. Since the mall’s surveillance system was disabled by the thief just before the robbery, the thief must be Evans.

The argument above would be valid if: (Points : 1)

Clark is incapable of disabling the mall’s surveillance system.

both Evans and Clark are capable of disabling the mall’s surveillance system.

Evans and Clark are the mall’s only security guards.

the mall’s surveillance system is usually used 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

 

Question 21. 21. <21{7[1(04)80]}> A company can either invest in employee training seminars or update its computer network. Since updating the computer network would result in more measurable benefits, the company would be best off updating its computer network.

The argument above assumes that: (Points : 1)

investing in employee training seminars would yield negative results for the company.

the more measurable a benefit, the greater value that benefit has to a company.

the employee training seminars would focus on teaching employees to use the updated computer network.

the benefit of the company investing in employee training seminars cannot be measured at all.

 

 Question 22. 22. <11{7[2(03)79]}> Looking to increase the profits of his lemonade stand, Johann doubled the price of a cup of lemonade from 25 cents to 50 cents. This clearly shows Johann’s lack of business sense, for now he’ll almost certainly sell fewer cups at the new price and therefore make less money than before.

The argument above assumes that: (Points : 1)

Johann is looking to double the profits of his lemonade stand.

the price increase will likely put Johann out of business.

profits from the price increase will not offset the money lost when fewer cups are sold.

even if Johann sells more cups at the new price than he did at the old price, he’ll still lose money on the lemonade stand.

 

Question 23. 23. <11{8[1(04)92]}> The very large increase in allergies over the last thirty years is due to the great success of immunizations administered over this time period. Since immunizations have nearly eliminated life-threatening diseases such as polio, the human immune system increasingly targets other environmental substances in order to keep working properly. Allergy symptoms such as runny nose and itchy eyes result when the immune system attacks pollen that is breathed in from the air.

Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage above? (Points : 1)

Immunizations often have surprising side effects.

Immunizations have been very successful in eliminating life-threatening diseases.

Viruses that once caused polio now cause allergies.

The use of immunizations has led to an increase in allergies.

 

Question 24. 24. <11{8[1(10)98]}> Sometimes people get caught in a “downward spiral,” a case in which something leads to a result which in turn leads to more of the original thing, bringing on more of the result. As the process continues, the result continually gets worse and worse. An example is when people turn to binge eating when depressed, which causes them to put on weight and feel unhealthy, which then makes them more depressed, leading to more overeating, and so on.

The author is mainly concerned with: (Points : 1)

convincing people not to overeat.

explaining the process of the “downward spiral.”

showing how overeating can lead to depression.

showing how some processes lead to surprising results.

 

Question 25. 25. <11{8[3(02)90]}> Whereas many industries suffer during economic recessions, the art industry does well. Some think the reason is that artists feed off the anxiety and uncertainty during recessions to produce inspired works. Others think that recessions, while harmful to most people, produce a handful of very rich people willing to pay very high prices for artworks, driving up the value of the art market as a whole.

The author of the passage above is primarily interested in: (Points : 1)

providing evidence that the art industry does well during recessions.

presenting reasons for why the art industry does well during recessions.

discussing the types of artworks that sell best during recessions.

describing the effect that art has on the economy.

 

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• Consider each of the following scenarios and explain whether the variable in question is a confounder:
• 1. A study of the relationship between exercise and heart attacks that is conducted among women who do not smoke. Explain whether gender is a confounder.
  2. A case-control study of the relationship between liver cirrhosis and alcohol use. In this study, smoking is associated with drinking alcohol and is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis among both non-alcoholics and alcoholics. Explain whether smoking is a confounder.

 

• Interpret the results of the following studies
• 1. An odds ratio of 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.8-1.5) is found for the association of low socioeconomic status and occurrence of obesity.
  2. A relative risk of 3.0 is reported for the association between consumption of red meat and the occurrence of colon cancer. The p-value of the association is 0.15.
  3. An odds ratio of 7 (95% confidence interval: 3.0 – 11.4) is found for the association of smoking and lung cancer.

 

• The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was conducted in a case-control study with 700 cases and 425 controls. Using the results below, calculate the crude odds ratio and explain what the ratio means:

• Heavy Smoking—Cases: 450; Controls: 200
• Not Heavy Smoking—Cases: 250; Controls: 225

• A case-control study looked at the association of alcohol use with the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). There were 300 participants in the study (150 cases and 150 controls). Of the cases, 90 participants drank alcohol; of the controls, 60 participants drank alcohol.Design the appropriate 2×2 table, calculate and interpret the appropriate measure of association.

  You suspect that the association between alcohol use and CHD might be confounded by smoking. You collect the following data:

• Calculate the appropriate measure of association between alcohol use and CHD in both smokers and non-smokers. Discuss whether smoking was a confounder of the association. What is the relationship of alcohol use to CHD after controlling for confounding?

• A study was conducted in young adults to look at the association between taking a driver’s education class and the risk of being in an automobile accident. 450 participants were included in the study, 150 cases who had been in an accident and 300 controls who had not. Of the 150 cases, 70 reported having taken a driver’s education class. Of the 300 controls, 170 reported having taken a driver’s education class.

Calculate and interpret the appropriate measure of association between driver’s education and accidents.

The question arose as to whether gender might be an effect modifier of this association. When gender was assessed, the data looked like the following:

 

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We have learned to use moral reasoning and examined many ethical theories in this course. These include virtue ethics, utilitarianism, social contract, deontology with goals (Hinduism and Buddhism), deontology with divine authority (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), relativism (individual and cultural), and deontology with a categorical imperative (Kant). Think back about your impressions of each of these ethical systems and write a 1,000 to 1,250-word essay that addresses the following questions below. Be sure to write good introductory and concluding paragraphs in your essay. 1.Summarize the principle components of each of the seven ethical systems studied in this course (listed above), including the principle ethicist involved in developing the system. Use two or three sentences for each ethical system. 2.Which ethical system is most prevalent in the United States today? In the World? Explain your answer and support your response. 3. Which ethical system most closely matches your personal ethical system? Why do you think so? Explain your position. 4.Please give a short, personal example that supports your decision to identify your ethical system (3 or 4 sentences) and explain why it does so. 5.Examine your response to previous assignments in Modules 1 thru 4 in this course. Are there any inconsistencies or conflict between positions you took in earlier assignments and the ethical system identified in this paper? For example, monotheists (Christians, Muslims, and Jews) believe in universal maxims. Relativists do not think universal maxims are possible. One cannot, for example be a Christian and believe no universal maxims exist, which is a relativist position. Monotheism (Christianity) and relativism are polar opposites. If inconsistencies exist between your earlier answers and this paper, how do you resolve them in your ethical decision-making process in the real world? 6.Add at least three references to support your analysis in this paper. Post a 4-5-page (1000-1250 -word) paper to the M5: Assignment 1 Dropbox by Monday, February 8, 2016. Include a title and reference page (not included in the 4-5 page count). All written assignments and responses should follow citation rules for attributing sources using APA format. Please use Microsoft Word spelling/grammar checker before submitting your essay.

 

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