The function of HIV protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase.

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The function of HIV protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase.

The function of HIV protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase.

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Module Overview

In this Module we will apply what you have learned in this course to common diseases caused by pathogens belonging to bacterial, viral, and fungal groups.

Now that we have a general idea of what pathogens are, how they work and how they identify, adhere to and invade their human host, let us review the specific features of some significant human pathogens.  We begin with common bacterial infections:

GRAM POSITIVE COCCI.

Gram + cocci are non-motile bacteria occurring in a linear arrangement (Streptococci that cause strep throat) or in clusters , like bundles of grapes (Staphylococci that cause staph infections). Many species are normal inhabitants of the skin,mucous membranes and internal organs and are normally non-pathogenic, however under altered ecologic conditions (for instance after the use of broad spectrum antibiotics or in immune deficiency syndromes), they may cause opportunistic infections. The major pathogens in this group are Streptococci and Staphylococci that cause some of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Gram + infections are responsible for millions of deaths. Proper antibiotic treatment usually controls these infections, however if antibiotics are improperly used, resistant strains develop which are difficult to control. Presently the so-called “superbugs” are a major concern among epidemiologists and general practitioners. Infections with Gram+ cocci are particularly dangerous among newborns, very old patients or immunocompromized patients.

GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI. Pathogenic gram negative cocci belong to the genus Neisseria. There are only 2 important human pathogens in this group: N. meningitides that cause meningitis (meningococcus) and N. gonorrhea that cause gonorrhea(gonococcus). Neisseria are gram negative diplococcic, mucous membrane parasites that grow either anaerobically or as facultative anaerobes. Non-pathogenic Neisseria are part of the normal oral and nasopharyngeal flora.  Asymptomatic carriers may harbor N. meningitides in their upper respiratory tract!  Neisseria may be isolated from blood, nasopharynx, skin, cerebrospinal fluid, urethra, cervix, vulva and anus.

Meningococcus. N. meningitides may cause an assortment of infections other than meningitis, including septicemia ( a very lethal systemic infection) nasopharyngitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and pneumonia. Nasopharyngitis is often asymptomatic but it may be the primary infectious focus leading to meningitis or septicemia. Meningococcemia (septicemia) may or may not be associated with meningitis. The clinical picture includes high fever, disseminated microthrombosis leading to petechiae, purpura and arthritis . In several instances there may be hemorrhagic necrosis of both adrenal cortices and acute adrenal insufficiency (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome). Septic shock and death may ensue within a short time.

Meningitis: Meningococcal meningitis is one of the many infections of the meninges that also include pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci and tuberculosis.

Gonococcus: N. gonorrheae is the causative agent of the most common sexually transmitted disease throughout the world: Gonorrhea.  Patients with this sexually transmitted disease may harbor other pathogens in addition to the gonococcus. N. gonorrheae also affects extra genital organs causing arthritis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis and proctitis. Close to 3 million Americans are infected annually. The most common pathway of infection is through sexual intercourse.  Its highest incidence is between 15 and 30 years of age.

GRAM+ SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA (BACILLI AND CLOSTRIDIA)

ANTHRAX: Of all the saprophytic forms of Bacillius, only B. anthracis is as potential human pathogen, although it is mostly responsible for diseases among horses, sheep, cattle, goats and swine. Anthrax has come to the center of world attention because of its potential to be used as illegal bacteriologic weapon. B. anthracis is a non-motile4 to 8 micrometer gram positive rod that shows a central endospore only in cultures. It is a facultative anaerobe that forms large, white, opaque colonies with undulating margins in agar plates. In smears they appear as long chains. Virulent strains are capsulated. This bacillus produces an antiphagocytic polypeptide and a protein-endotoxin complex that is antigenic. The vaccine is geared towards such a molecule. Anthrax is primarily an animal disease acquired by consuming contaminated grasses, through inhalation of the spores or through skin abrasions. The spore germinates into the vegetative form in the connective tissue. Protected by its antiphagocytic capsule, the bacillus multiplies and invades lymph vessels or blood vessels. This may lead to an often fatal septicemia. Human infections include the cutaneous anthrax that gives rise to the so-called malignant pustule and the respiratory infection (Woolsorter’s disease)

CLOSTRIDIA: This gram+ spore forming bacillus populates the soil, water and plants. Many are responsible for putrefaction and play an important role in the food chain. Few species parasitize human and animal intestines. C lostridia are gram + obligate anaerobes measuring 3 to 8 micrometers and forming rods.  Spores germinate in anaerobic conditions in suitable humidity; they are heat resistant. The exotoxins are the main factors of pathogenicity.  C. botulinum produces 8 neurotoxins. C. perfringens secretes 11 toxins, 2 of which cause human symptoms.  C. tetanii causes tetanus by producing one of the most powerful toxins known to man, tetanospasmin.  One mg of this toxin is enough to kill 200 million mice! This toxin is released during lysis of the vegetative cell and acts on the central nervous system, blocking the transmission of nervous impulses.  C. tetanii is part of the normal intestinal flora in up to 25% of the population and is present in the feces of horses and cattle. This bacterium is unable to germinate in the GI tract.  Infections result from contaminated wounds, with fibrin, in anaerobic conditions. It may also be present in dirty needles among drug addicts. Septic deliveries or abortions are also a source of contamination.  Tetanus causes convulsions and tonic paralysis of voluntary muscles leading to respiratory muscle paralysis, opisthotonos and death.

Botulism. In most cases this is not a true infection but a poisoning caused by the ingestion of preformed toxins produced in improperly refrigerated food contaminated with the bacterium. Contaminated honey may poison children. Occasionally the toxin may form in contaminated wounds.

Module 5’s Home page was packed with pathogens!  Choose three that surprised you most, give a brief description, and explain why you were surprised by them.

For the second part of this assignment, you will take a closer look at the HIV virus, using this document to help you define the following terms.  First begin by reviewing the structure of DNA and the processes of transcription and translation.

Next address these topics on HIV:

Discuss the function of HIV protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase.

Identify the characteristics of HIV which account for its transmission.  Include the basic epidemiology of this virus and its method of transfer.

Discuss the normal function of B-lymphocytes, killer T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocytes, and macrophages in the immune system. Explain how HIV affects these components of a healthy immune system.

Explain the function of the complement system and do some research to investigate how the HIV virus turns the complement system against the human body.  How has this lead to new treatments for this disease (Hint: Wiki or PubMed is a good place to begin your research)?

Assignment Expectations

Please include a cover sheet for your Case assignment.  Use headings to separate each section’s questions, and answer each question using complete sentences.  Use your own words and build on the ideas of others.  Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking).  When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes.  The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (preferably in APA format).

References:  List the references used to address the complement system and any information you researched to complete this assignment.  The references should be listed at the end of the assignment in a References section and should be cited throughout (preferably in APA format).

Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question

The following items will be assessed:

Assignment-Driven Criteria – Did you address each requirement?

Critical Thinking – How well did you synthesize and evaluate the topics addressed?

Scholarly Writing – Is everything explained in complete sentences?

Quality of References and Assignment Organization – Did you organize your paper with headings?

Citing Sources – Did you list your references and cite information where necessary?

 

Required Reading

Read the following chapters in the Microbiology etext available at https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/

Chapter 16:  Microbial Ecology

Section 1:  Microbial Ecology

Section 2:  Soil and Plant Microbiology

Section 4:  Nutrient Cycles

Section 5:  Microbial Symbioses

Section 6:  Microbial Bioremediation

Additional Resources

Bisen, P. S., Debnath, M., Prasad, G.B. “Chapter 1 Human and Microbial World,” “Chapter 2: Gene technology: Application and Techniques,” “Chapter 5 Diversity of Microorganisms.” Microbes: Concepts and Applications.  Wiley, Somerset NJ. 2012.  eISBN: 9781118311905

 

………………..Answer Preview…………….

HIV protease processes the gag-pol and gag polyproteins when virion maturation takes place. This enzyme has an important activity when it comes to virus infectivity. It is responsible for rendering the protein a key therapeutic target for the treatment of AIDS. HIV protease also plays a critical role in the HIV life cycle. It cleaves polyproteins that have been newly synthesized at the right places, and this consequently….

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What are some of the illnesses and ailments caused by a lack of food safety

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What are some of the illnesses and ailments caused by a lack of food safety

What are some of the illnesses and ailments caused by a lack of food safety

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What are some of the illnesses and ailments caused by a lack of food safety? How might these problems be prevented?

 

……………………Answer preview………………………..

Ailments brought by lack of food safety

            There are several illnesses that are brought about by lack of food safety, which eventually leads to food poisoning. It is this food poisoning that eventually leads to illnesses such as cholera, once a person consumes the poisoned food……………………..

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

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The Tylenol Murders. – nursing homework essays

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The Tylenol Murders.

The Tylenol Murders.

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Write 950 word case study analysis in which you evaluate the effectiveness of communication between an organization and its public.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the communication between the organization and its intended
public(s) in the case study (see case study attached), including the following: The Tylenol Murders.

– Identify the different publics involved in the case study. Differentiate between the internal and external publics involved. What impact did the communications have on the intended public(s)? Could the message have been communicated more effectively? How?
– Identify the different PR communication tools and techniques that were used to inform, influence, and
motivate the public(s) in the case. Evaluate the benefits and risks of using these tools. What other tools would you have used?
– If this crisis were to occur today, how would new technologies, such as the Internet, affect this case? Because of the recent globalization of markets, would the outcome of this case be different if the events occurred today?

Must be plagiarism free!

Case Study: The Tylenol Murders
Arguably, the two most important cases in the history of the practice of public relations occurred within four years of each other to the same company and product.
For close to 100 years, Johnson & Johnson Company of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was the epitome of a well-managed, highly profitable, and tight-lipped consumer products manufacturer.
Round I
That image changed on the morning of September 30, 1982, when Johnson & Johnson faced as devastating a public relations problem as had confronted any company in history.
That morning, Johnson & Johnson’s management learned that its premier product, extra-strength Tylenol, had been used as a murder weapon to kill three people. In the days that followed, another three people died from swallowing Tylenol capsules loaded with cyanide. Although all the cyanide deaths occurred in Chicago, reports from other parts of the country also implicated extra-strength Tylenol capsules in illnesses of various sorts. These latter reports were later proved to be unfounded, but Johnson & Johnson and its Tylenol-producing subsidiary, McNeil Consumer Products Company, found themselves at the center of a public relations trauma the likes of which few companies had ever experienced.
Tylenol had been an astoundingly profitable product for Johnson & Johnson. At the time of the Tylenol murders, the product held 35 percent of the $1 billion analgesic market. It contributed an estimated 7 percent to the company’s worldwide sales and almost 20 percent to its profits. Throughout the years, Johnson & Johnson had not been—and hadn’t needed to be—a particularly high-profile company. Its chairman, James E. Burke, who had been with the company for almost 30 years, had never appeared on television and had rarely participated in print interviews.
Johnson & Johnson’s management was caught totally by surprise when the news hit. The company recognized that it needed the media to get out as much information to the public as quickly as possible to prevent a panic. Therefore, almost immediately, Johnson & Johnson made a key decision: to open its doors to the media.
On the second day of the crisis, Johnson & Johnson discovered that an earlier statement that no cyanide was used on its premises was wrong. The company didn’t hesitate. Its public relations department quickly announced that the earlier information had been false. Even though the reversal embarrassed the company briefly, Johnson & Johnson’s openness was hailed and made up for any damage to its credibility.
Early on in the crisis, the company was largely convinced that the poisonings had not occurred at any of its plants. Nonetheless, Johnson & Johnson recalled an entire lot of 93,000 bottles of extra-strength Tylenol associated with the reported Chicago murders. In the process, it telegrammed warnings to doctors, hospitals, and distributors, at a cost of half a million dollars. McNeil also suspended all Tylenol advertising to reduce attention to the product.
But what about all those other millions of dollars worth of Tylenol capsules on the nation’s shelves?
The company was convinced such a massive recall wasn’t warranted by the facts. It was convinced that the tampering had taken place during the product’s Chicago distribution and not in the manufacturing process. Further, the FBI was worried that a precipitous recall would encourage copycat poisoning attempts. Nonetheless, five days later, when a copycat strychnine poisoning occurred in California, Johnson & Johnson did recall all extra-strength Tylenol capsules—31 million bottles—at a cost of more than $100 million.
Although the company believed it had done nothing wrong, Johnson & Johnson acted to assuage public concerns. It also posted a $100,000 reward for the killer or killers. Through advertisements promising to exchange capsules for tablets, through thousands of letters to the trade, and through statements to the media, the company hoped to put the incident into proper perspective.
At the same time, Johnson & Johnson commissioned a nationwide opinion survey to assess the consumer implications of the Tylenol poisonings. The good news was that 87 percent of Tylenol users surveyed said they realized that the maker of Tylenol was “not responsible” for the deaths. The bad news was that 61 percent still said they were “not likely to buy” extra-strength Tylenol capsules in the future. In other words, even though most consumers knew the deaths weren’t Tylenol’s fault, they still feared using the product. But Chairman Burke and Johnson & Johnson weren’t about to knuckle under to the deranged saboteur or saboteurs who had poisoned their product. Despite predictions of the imminent demise of extra-strength Tylenol, Johnson & Johnson decided to relaunch the product in a new triple-safety-sealed, tamper-resistant package Many on Wall Street and in the marketing community were stunned by Johnson & Johnson’s bold decision.
So confident was Johnson & Johnson’s management that it launched an all-out media blitz to make sure that people understood its commitment. Chairman Burke appeared on television shows and in newspaper interviews.
The company even invited the investigative news program 60 Minutes—the scourge of corporate America—to film its executive strategy sessions to prepare for the new launch. When the program was aired, reporter Mike Wallace concluded that although Wall Street had been ready at first to write off the company, it was now “hedging its bets because of Johnson & Johnson’s stunning campaign of facts, money, the media, and truth.”
Finally, on November 11,1982, less than two months after the murders, Johnson & Johnson’s management held an elaborate video news conference in New York City, beamed to additional locations around the country, to introduce the new extra-strength Tylenol package.
In the months that followed Burke’s news conference, it became clear that Tylenol would not become a scapegoat. In fact, by the beginning of 1983, Tylenol had recaptured an astounding 95 percent of its prior market share. Morale at the company, according to its chairman, was “higher than in years.” It had acted true to the “Credo,” which spelled out the company’s beliefs. The euphoria lasted until February 1986 when, unbelievably, tragedy struck again.
Round II
Late in the evening of February 10, 1986, news reports began to circulate that a woman had died in Yonkers, New York, after taking poisoned capsules of extra-strength Tylenol.
The nightmare for Johnson & Johnson began anew.
Once again, the company sprang into action. Chairman Burke addressed reporters at a news conference a day after the incident. A phone survey found that the public didn’t blame the company. However, with the discovery of other poisoned Tylenol capsules two days later, the nightmare intensified. The company recorded 15,000 toll-free calls at its Tylenol hot line. Once again, production of Tylenol capsules was halted. “I’m heartsick,” Burke told the press. “We didn’t believe it could happen again, and nobody else did either.”
This time, although Tylenol earned some 13 percent of the company’s net profits, the firm decided once and for all to cease production of its over-the-counter medications in capsule form. It offered to replace all unused Tylenol capsules with new Tylenol caplets, a solid form of medication that was less tamper-prone. This time the withdrawal of its capsules cost Johnson & Johnson more than $150 million after taxes.
Once again, in the face of tragedy, the company and its chairman received high marks. As President Reagan said at a White House reception two weeks after the crisis hit, “Jim Burke of Johnson & Johnson, you have our deepest appreciation for living up to the highest ideals of corporate responsibility and grace under pressure.”

 

…………………………….Answer preview………………………..

Public relation is described as the deliberate or planned sustained effort by the management of an organization. These efforts are to maintain an effective communication channel in order to maintain a mutual understanding between the organization and the public. The management seeks to evaluate public attitudes and identification of policies and procedures with interest of the public being put first………………………….

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MEMO- Scope of Authority – summarizing the controlling law

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MEMO- Scope of Authority – summarizing the controlling law

MEMO- Scope of Authority – summarizing the controlling law

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Missy McCain has come to your law firm to seek legal advice about a potential lawsuit against Alpha Airlines. Last week, she was a passenger on a flight from San Francisco to Atlanta. Toward the end of the flight she became violently ill, suffering nausea and intestinal distress. She locked herself in the bathroom at the front of the plane, next to the cockpit. The plane began its final approach, with orders for passengers to remain in their seats with a seatbelt fastened for the remainder of the flight. Missy, however, remained in the bathroom in an indisposed condition.

As the flight attendants made final preparations for landing, Bobby Blue, the flight attendant in charge, noticed that there was a passenger locked in the restroom at the front of the plane. He pounded on the door and yelled, “All right, whoever is in there. Come on out. You’ll have to earn your mile high club membership next time.” Passengers at the front of the plane laughed. Missy did not respond, because she was vomiting and feeling dizzy.

Getting no response, Bobby used emergency access protocols to open the door to the bathroom. He grabbed Missy by the hair on the back of her head, as she kneeled in front of the toilet, and slung her out into the aisle of the plane. He forced her to lie on her stomach, then pinned her hands behind her back and zip tied them. Passengers were cheering him on. The pilot, Joe Mills, radioed ahead and let the Atlanta Airport know that there was an unruly passenger on board who had been subdued for failing to follow instructions of a flight crew member and interfering with flight operations. The plane was directed to a remote area of the airport and law enforcement officers rushed to board the plane after it had landed. They found Missy lying face down and passed out in the aisle. They also observed physical evidence in the restroom that showed she had, in fact, been throwing up at the time she was seized by Bobby Blue. The officers said that no law had been broken and that they would not arrest Missy. Missy was treated at the hospital for dehydration, food poisoning, abrasions, and a mild concussion.

Missy contacted Alpha Airlines about the incident, requesting that they pay her medical bills. Alpha Airlines declined to do so. They told her that Bobby Blue was a “rogue employee” and had been fired. She wants to know if she can sue Alpha Airlines for Bobby’s actions.

Perform legal research on the issue and prepare a memo to your supervising attorney, summarizing the controlling law, and making a recommendation as to whether or not Alpha Airlines could be held liable for Bobby’s actions.

Your memo should be 3-4 pages in length. Incorporate at least 5 different law review journal articles and/or primary legal sources (statutes, court opinions) within your work.

Format citations and references per Harvard Blue Book rules.

For this assignment, you will need to conduct legal research… 3-4 pages in length. Incorporate at least 5 different law review journal articles and/or primary legal sources (statutes, court opinions) within your work. Format citations and references per Harvard Blue Book rules

Answer preview to MEMO- Scope of Authority – summarizing the controlling law

MEMO- Scope of Authority - summarizing the controlling law

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Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case.

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Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case.

Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case.

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Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case:Mrs. Harjo and Tony: Mrs. Harjo is 65 year old female who identifies as Latina. She lives in Globe, Arizona, and subsists on Supplemental Security Income, SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, commonly known as food stamps), and her garden. Mrs. Harjo has been living alone since the death of her husband five years ago. She is the daughter of Mexican immigrants, and visits her hometown in Mexico for Semana Santa every other year.

A paternal grandson, Tony (age 13), recently moved in with Mrs. Harjo following his mother’s death from acute alcohol poisoning. Tony’s biological father is serving five years in county jail on a third conviction. Tony’s biological parents were never married, and his mother did not obtain a legal divorce from her first husband. When Tony was born, the hospital registrar listed the first husband as the legal father on his birth certificate. Trying to do the right thing, Mrs. Harjo went to Tony’s school to give notice of a change of address and to put her name on file as guardian and emergency contact. School officials pointed out that Tony was not legally related to Mrs. Harjo, and that therefore she had no authority to authorize medical care, or to enroll Tony in school.

The principal referred Mrs. Harjo to an attorney, where she appealed for help in getting Tony’s paternity corrected. The attorney advised that the biological father adopt Tony in order to change the legal parent, but refused to take the case because Tony’s father was incarcerated, and the likelihood of an adoption by an incarcerated parent was too low. Moreover, the whereabouts of the legal father are unknown, and thus no relinquishment can be secured. (Garcia, Bain, Avera, Armenta, 2005)

Tony’s grades have dipped to a C average (he typically earns A’s and B’s) since the death of his mother. He is on the freshman baseball team, and cites this as one of his favorite activities, but will be barred from playing should his grades continue to decline. Tony has no specific academic interests but wants to remain eligible to play baseball. Teachers report that Tony has always been quiet, but has had difficulty concentrating in school since his mother’s’ death two months ago.

Social justice, Diversity, and Poverty Discussion Board (15 points): This discussion board relates to this week’s learning objective: Deconstruct the features of poverty, Analyze social justice, and Evaluate the social construction of identity and cultural competence. The purpose of this discussion board is for you to assess the intersection of how your client’s culture, civil rights, Socioeconomic Status influence their case. Additionally, you will learn how to reflect on their own values, opinions, and perspectives and how it can impact their client’s case. You will do this by reading the case study and providing a thoughtful response that includes critical thinking. You will be expected to apply course concepts to your client’s case.

Directions: Create a new thread and in the subject line have your name and the title.  Posts should be no less than 300 words and no more than 500 words. You need to address the following questions in your response:

1.  Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case. What made you select this particular aspect? How does this aspect impact your client?

2.  Do you think that poverty is a presenting concern for your client? What makes you think this?

3.  In what ways would a social worker be able to advocate for your client’s civil rights/social justice? How would that help your client?

4.  What is one question that you have about your case study/client and its relation to this week’s module material?

5.  Do you see any similarities/difference between yourself and your case study client? Why might it be important to be aware of our similarities and differences in social work? How does your own life experience shape your opinion about this case?

6.  Please ensure that you respond to at least one peer in addition to your own post! Peer responses are expected to be a minimum of 100 words. Be sure to include critical thinking and thoughtful feedback in your response to ensure you earn the full amount of points in your post.

 

Answer preview to discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case

Discuss one aspect of your client’s culture that you think has had an impact on your case

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I want my topic to be about water dispenser

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I want my topic to be about water dispenser

I want my topic to be about water dispenser

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I want my topic to be about water dispenser . The one that have cold and hot water also explain why it is useful . Use a simple words . I want it to be five pages bridge to the sixth page

water dispenser

…………………..Answer preview………………………….

A huge percentage of the world’s population does not have access to clean and safe drinking water. This has exposed them to various health problems including food poisoning, typhoid and cholera. As a result, many modern homes have adopted the use of water dispensers which in addition to purifying the water, offer additional effects like cooling and warming. These devices are available in different types……………………………..

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

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Discussion: Explain how the phobia might develop

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Discussion: Explain how the phobia might develop

Discussion: Explain how the phobia might develop

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Consider the following scenario: You join a group of friends for a meal at a local Chinese restaurant, where you all eat the same meal. Several hours after dinner, however, you develop severe stomach cramps and vomiting that lasts for three days. You are convinced that you have food poisoning even though none of your friends have symptoms. You visit your doctor, who tells you that you have the stomach flu. A week later you are feeling back to normal, except when someone brings up the restaurant. Even the mention of Chinese food or that specific restaurant triggers feelings of intense nausea and stomach pains. Six months later, you still refuse to eat Chinese food and feel sick when you smell or think about it. What has happened? Most likely, you have experienced classical conditioning. Let’s take a look:
Prior to this incident, you did not associate or pair Chinese food with illness. Before that conditioning occurred, thinking or talking about Chinese food (neutral stimulus) did not elicit a negative response.
Getting the stomach flu is an unconditioned stimulus. Your response—getting sick—represents an unconditioned response.
Because you got sick around the time you ate Chinese food, the Chinese food has become a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, when presented with this conditioned stimulus (Chinese food), you demonstrate a conditioned response (feeling sick). Although, in reality, the food actually had nothing to do with your illness, you have now learned to associate Chinese food with getting sick.
Now that you have some information about how classical conditioning can be applied to an everyday scenario, conduct an online search to find out about a specific phobia. Research shows that extreme fears and phobias often develop through classical conditioning, and the conditioning commonly occurs in childhood. It may be helpful to find an article or a Web site that illustrates how classical conditioning is applied to the specific phobia. Once you have found an article or a Web site, answer the following questions:
Question 1
Name and describe the phobia that you identified. Provide the URL of the article or the Web site in which you found the information.

Question 2
Using your textbook, the food poisoning example, and the information from your article or Web site, explain how the phobia might develop. Identify an example of each of the following for the phobia you selected:
a. Neutral stimulus
b. Unconditioned stimulus
c. Unconditioned response
d. Conditioned stimulus
e. Conditioned response
Question 3
Referring to your article, Web site, or textbook, explain how a conditioned response, such as a phobia, can be weakened or eliminated.
Question 4
According to Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a process of learning
A.
an association between two stimuli.
B.
through trial and error.
C.
through rewards and punishments.
D.
schedules of reinforcement.
Question 5
Ivan Pavlov discovered that conditioned responses can gradually be weakened if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. This process is called
A.
operant learning.
B.
stimulus discrimination.
C.
extinction.
D.
spontaneous recovery.
Question 6
Which of the following is an example of a neutral stimulus?
A.
Hearing a new song on the radio, which does not elicit strong feelings
B.
Speeding on your way to school or to work
C.
Getting nervous before you deliver a speech in front of a class of 100 students
D.
Setting a specific ringtone on your phone for each member of your family
Question 7
Assume that 20-year-old Gabriel was treated for aquaphobia, an abnormal or persistent fear of water. At one point, Gabriel’s phobia was so severe that he refused to even sit in a bathtub, but after nearly six months of therapy, his fear had drastically subsided. That is, extinction had occurred. Not only would Gabriel take a bath as an alternative to showering, from time to time he would join his friends in a hot tub. A few days ago, Gabriel was in the hot tub when a friend jumped in, splashing water in Gabriel’s face. He panicked and immediately got out; he now refuses to even take a bath. In other words, the fear response has returned. According to your textbook, what phenomenon is Gabriel experiencing?

Answer preview to explain how the phobia might develop

Explain how the phobia might develop

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A psychiatrist’s experiences of chaplaincy and conceptualizing trans-personal model of mindfulness.

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A psychiatrist’s experiences of chaplaincy and conceptualizing trans-personal model of mindfulness.

A psychiatrist’s experiences of chaplaincy and conceptualizing trans-personal model of mindfulness.

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In a manmade disaster, such as a pesticide poisoning, spiritual issues can be difficult on individuals, communities and health care providers. I specifically chose to discuss pesticide poisoning because it is something that can likely happen in the community that I choose to serve and live in. Bakersfield, California is an agricultural community that is surrounded by fields of fruits and vegetables. Back in May 2017, more than 50 agricultural workers were sickened when exposed to pesticides while working in a cabbage field near Bakersfield, California (Seda, 2017). This was just one of many documented pesticide poisoning incidents that has occurred in this community. The long-term effects of pesticide exposure are what can be overwhelming spiritually on the individuals. For the individuals directly affected, long term pesticide poisoning incidents has been linked to the development of Parkinson’s disease; asthma; depression and anxiety; cancer, including leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma; and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. The treatments for these diseases can be hard on the individual physically and spiritually as well as on their families. They can become depressed, have feelings of hopelessness and despair, question why God did this. The community may feel vulnerable and feel as though their safety has been violated which will spread fear and anxiety. As a health care provider caring for this community, it affects me spiritually in the sense that I see first hand the physical symptoms pesticide poisoning causes and witness the medical treatment of the long-term effects of this. As a health care provider, I also can’t help but feel as though the community’s safety has been violated by using these toxic substances. This not only stays on the field, it contaminates the air, soil and fruits and vegetables harvested from these fields.

A community health nurse can lend an ear, offer a shoulder to cry on, explore other resources such as a chaplain that can assist the individual as well as their family. Chaplain’s insights on and ability to remain mindfully aware of possible emotions/thoughts in the patient and facilitating patient to return and re-return to become aware of internal emotions/thoughts helps the patient develop own intra-personal mindfulness leading to self-healing (Parameshwaran, 2015). The use of spiritual resources such as music, prayer, meditation, involvement of family and friends, consultation of religious leaders, church support groups, inspirational writings and sacramental practices-communion and anointing have been known to be beneficial to an individual’s spiritual well-being in times of illness (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2018). The community health nurse must also keep on top of their own spiritual well-being by staying in tune and debriefing and de-stressing in the same way they advise their own patient’s. This way they are able to assist in the spiritual care of the individuals, community and their colleagues.

References

Parameshwaran, R. (2015). Theory and practice of chaplain’s spiritual care: A psychiatrist’s experiences of chaplaincy and conceptualizing trans-personal model of mindfulness. Retrieved from. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.148511

Seda, C.H. (2017). Pesticide Poisoning of Farmworkers in Bakersfield. Migrant Clinician Network. Retrieved from https://www.migrantclinician.org/blog/2017/may/pes…

University of Maryland Medical Center. (2018). What is Spiritual Care? Retrieved from https://www.umms.org/ummc/patients-visitors/for-pa…

 

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A psychiatrist’s experiences of chaplaincy and conceptualizing trans-personal model of mindfulness.

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Library properly cited in the current APA format.  Also, remember to use APA style.

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Library properly cited in the current APA format.  Also, remember to use APA style.

Library properly cited in the current APA format.  Also, remember to use APA style.

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PART A: Midterm exam:

You may use your book, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, and a dictionary, but not other sources.

Choose one of the following two prompts to respond to, and write an in-class essay focusing on The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Do NOT answer both choices. Indicate which choice you are addressing.

Each question includes a quotation from The Omnivore’s Dilemma and some questions. The quotation gives some focus to the question, and it is a jumping off point for analyzing a concept. Compose an essay with a thesis that answers this question. Demonstrate your understanding of the quote and its context, as well as your knowledge of how this applies to other examples in the book. You may want to summarize to some extent to show your knowledge of the book while remaining on topic.

Your essay should include:

No title needed. Label that you are responding to Choice #1 or Choice #2.

Introduction with thesis statement.

Address the specific question that you chose, and in relation to this answer, demonstrate your knowledge of The Omnivore’s Dilemma, using specific examples (at least 2 quotes) to support your point.

Conclusion;

No works cited page needed.

minimum length: 1.5 double-spaced typed pages

******************************************************************

Choice 1:

The inspiration for organic was to find a way to feed ourselves more in keeping with the logic of nature, to build a food system that looked more like an ecosystem that would draw its fertility and energy from the sun. To feed ourselves otherwise was “unsustainable,” a word that’s been so abused we’re apt to forget what it very specifically means: Sooner or later it must collapse. To a remarkable extent, farmers succeeded in creating the new food chain on their farm; the trouble began when they encountered the expectations of the supermarket. (183- 184)

At the end of chapter 9, “Big Organic,” Pollan reexamines the roots of the organic food movement and rise of industrial organic. Explain what he means by a food system that would look “more like an ecosystem,” and why this is necessary for sustainability. Many students are upset that Big Organic does not live up the its ideals and what it advertises, but how do the pressures of the supermarket–including what consumers demand–contribute to the industrialization of organic producers? What are possible solutions to this problem? Also connect your analysis to some of Pollan’s main points in this book.

Choice 2: Pollan describes his McDonald’s cheeseburger:

The more you concentrate on how it tastes, the less like anything it tastes. I said before McDonald’s serves a kind of comfort food, but after a few bites I’m more inclined to think they’re selling something more schematic than that–something more like a signifier of comfort food. So you eat more and eat more quickly, hoping somehow to catch up to the original idea of a cheeseburger. . . (119)

Why does Pollan find fast food to be more of an idea or a simulation of food, as opposed to real food? What helps to explain this, given the journey Pollan has taken to find out about this food’s origins? How does appearance vs. reality continually come up in his analysis of food systems? Also connect your analysis to some of Pollan’s main points in this book.

part B:

For the debate on the statement, “the overproduction of corn leads to negative consequences: factory farms, obesity, and the bankrupting of small farms,” before reading the debate 17 students were pro and 4 were against. After reading the debate, 13 students were pro and 10 were against. Therefore, the con side wins. Those who were pro agreed that overproduction leads to a drop in corn prices that will impact farms. Those who were con were convinced that overproduction can help solve the hunger situation and also provide resources to fall back on. From Pollan’s book, he emphasizes that overproduction is subsidized by the government and the taxpayers, and this policy leads to focus on producing corn that is fed to cows and processed food that contributes to the prevalence of fast food and obesity, as well as pollution. The policy benefits big companies that process corn, but farmers are on the verge of bankruptcy because prices keep falling.

PRO and CON(me), please submit your response to the summary and your experience doing the debate to Debate 6.2 Classmate Responses

the debate we did:

2. The overproduction of corn leads to negative consequences: factory farms, obesity, and the bankrupting of small farms.

PRO

Someone may point out that if we can utilize the “leftover” of those corns for other uses. In some case, I am sure there are parts of those corns can be used in improving technology or acting as an energy source. But keep in mind, those are just a little part. It is impossible to form a large project. Overproduction leads to a higher supply of agricultural products than the existing demand. The Existing models can satisfy the market and profits, and they are hard to rise. Mechanized agriculture needs massive investment in the early stage, and operation and management are difficult for the township and village enterprises. There is no giant and leading company in those areas, and there is no incentive to do this. Also, the ownership of rural land is too scattered. The land situation under the name of the same farmer may be an acre of land in the east, two points in the west, and half an acre in the south. It is challenging to implement mechanized operations on the land area.

The commodity corn, which had been wasted on the elevator, is a very different kind of corn compared with the corn we imagine—it is a product of human science rather than the corn that naturally grows in fields. According to the supply and demand relationship, overproduction leads to the prices of the products to fall, so that is an incentive for customers to buy more than they need in real life. What is more, the cheapness and availability of those corns drive developers to find even more ways to use it. The following consequence is those people would intake more than their bodies need, and obesity is one of the drawbacks of overproduction.

As Pollan mentioned: “So there was no longer any reason for anyone to care where the corn came from or who grew it, as long as it met the board’s standard. Since this standard was fairly minimal, growers and breeders were now free to train their energies on producing a bigger and bigger harvest.” (Pollan, 60) The phenomenon that agricultural product prices have severely deviated from value for a long time has not only significantly damped the enthusiasm and creativity of farmers in agricultural production, but also led to the decline of the farming economy. The deviation of price from value often triggered the periodic “earthquake” and “tsunami” of urban farm products market. And the direct victim is the small farm. So, the government should buy excess agricultural products to minimize the rate of the bankrupting of small farms.

Overall, I will not deny that there are some positive effects of enlarging the production of agriculture, like increase employment, stimulate technological innovation, and eliminate hungry. But the debate topic is about overproduction. Excessive means waste. To solve the waste problem, people will think of other methods, but most of these methods are difficult to implement or cause other harmful effects. That will cause a vicious circle. So from most perspectives, that will lead to most negative consequences rather than right sides.

Work Cited

Pollan, Michael. “The elevator”, The omnivore’s dilemma, 2009.

Discuss Question:

I believe there are a lot of students like me are all came from foreign countries. So in your countries, is there a suitable way to solve the problem of overproduction? For those who were born and raised in the US, have you ever experienced or heard of the drawbacks of overproduction?

My reply:

Excellent post, I appreciate that you have acknowledged that the corn leftover is never enough to be used in improving technology or acting as a source of energy. I agree that they are minimal that they cannot support a large project to benefit many people. However, I disagree with some of the impacts of overproduction that you have mentioned. For example, production may result in higher supply of agricultural products than the existing demand because this may only apply to a specific state or country. Most farming activities take place in the rural setting, but farmers lack the essential storage facilities to store the excess produce and thus may lead to wastage of food. On the other hand, residents in urban centers may not have adequate food and hence the need to ensure that the produced food reach the market on time by improving the transportation system and encourage mechanization of farm operations.

In as much as the prices of agricultural products may be lower due to increased supply, that does not mean that individuals may tend to purchase and consume more than their bodies need, thus leading to obesity. Some people may not even afford the available food due to other factors such as low-income and thus reduces their willingness to purchase. In such a case, some may prefer processed foods that can also compromise their health since farmers are more concerned with quantity than quality of products (Pollan 67). Small farmers will also not risk being bankrupt if the system does not encourage overproduction, and prices are at low prices. However, the government should provide loans to farmers to support the prices.

Despite the possible negative impacts of overproduction. I continue to support my position that overproduction does not lead to negative effects because many people benefit from the availability of affordable and quality food, thereby improving the quality of life.

Work Cited

Pollan, Michael. “The elevator”, The omnivore’s dilemma, 2009.

and my post:

CON

The overproduction of corn does not lead to negative consequences: factory farms, obesity, food poisoning, and the bankrupting of small farms.

Increased corn production has led to the increased availability of animal products at affordable prices, and thus people can have enough meals to sustain them. Unlike before, when some families used to consume meat on special occasions, now there is plenty of affordable beef, and they can have at least three meals a day (Pollan 67). Food security has been a concern for most countries and having sufficient production avails not only adequate but also affordable and quality food for the nation. Besides, some of the by-products generate additional income for farmers. Therefore, it is essential to create public awareness of the efficient measures taken to encourage the production and availability of affordable products to enhance the living conditions of individuals.

Furthermore, a country desires to produce more food than demanded at the time since it can store the excess for future consumption and avoid the impacts of other factors that affect agricultural activities. For example, most farming operations take place in rural areas where the farmers have inadequate storage facilities and thus may result in improper storage of harvest (Pollan 62). However, the government provides incentives for farmers and has facilitated the sales of produce in urban centers through the construction of railroads that ensure the products reach the market on time and in the right quality.

Also, deficiency payments encourage farmers to produce more regardless of the prevailing market price (Pollan 62). Increased supply automatically leads to low prices, and that means that people can afford to purchase as much food as they want. The result is reduced malnutrition and other related diseases that affect people with limited access to food, especially individuals from low-income households.

Some people may argue that overproduction may result in food poisoning, and it can affect the lives of many people (Pollan 59). However, it is essential to note that farmers have to meet the set standards to sell their products and thus will have to ensure that they avail quality products that are fit for consumption to the market. Besides, the government subsidies allow farmers to generate profits from their produces even though the low prices prevail in the market. Farmers will focus on building storage facilities or use government storage units to hold the product until needed in the market. Small farmers will also diversify in agricultural commodities and thus reduce the possibility of being bankrupt.

Work Cited

Pollan, Michael. “The elevator”, The omnivore’s dilemma, 2009.

Rebuttal and question

The question that I would like to address in class is whether it is possible to attain food security without compromising public health and the environment.

pro response to me :

Rebuttal and Discussion Question:

I don’t agree with what Yihong said. First of all, he mentioned that the increase in agriculture production can provide qualified food for poor people. I cannot deny that it is a reasonable and ideal way when the main problem is food and clothing. But in fact, most people in America now have enough to eat within their income range. Yihong argued, farmers have to meet the set standards to sell their products and thus will have to ensure that they avail quality products that are fit for consumption to the market. But he may forget that the National standards are not as strict as imagined. If people ear this kind of grain for a long time, these things that can only fill the stomach will lead to malnutrition and even food poisoning. “Since the standard was fairly minimal, growers and breeders were now free to train their energies on producing a bigger and bigger harvest.” (Pollan,60)

Second, he stated that adequate food reserve is essential for a country prepared in case of a particular situation need. But the background that Pollan described is that the corns are even being wasted because of overproduction. The previous year’s had been a bumper crop in this year of the Midwest; the pile represented what was left of the millions of bushels of corn that had overflowed the elevators last October. (Pollan, 57) The food reserves are far more than we need. A lot of hoarding requires storage space, but no one wants to waste money just to storage corn which price is low enough to buy some fresh one.

Also, deficiency payments encourage farmers to produce more regardless of the prevailing market price (Pollan, 62). I cannot deny that the decreasing price is attractive to consumers. But in addition to the little benefits consumers receive, we should consider the loss of farmers. The more the price of corn decreases, the more impoverished the individual farmers will be. For the production of corn, farmers need to invest more cost and time, but their income is less than before.

Work Cited

Pollan, Michael. “The elevator”, The omnivore’s dilemma, 2009.

Discuss Question:

I believe there are a lot of students like me are all came from foreign countries. So in your countries, is there a suitable way to solve the problem of overproduction? For those who were born and raised in the US, have you ever experienced or heard of the drawbacks of overproduction?

Answer preview to the overproduction of corn leads to negative consequences

The overproduction of corn leads to negative consequences

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Food Safety Discussion. – nursing homework essays

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Food Safety Discussion.

Food Safety Discussion.

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Forum Instructions
Each student must post (1) substantial initial post at minimum of 250 words per topic
.Your initial post must contain at least (2) scholarly articles from the Virtual
Library properly cited in the current APA format.  Also, remember to use APA style
formatting for in-text citations at the end of paraphrased sentences and direct quotes as
well.

Discussion Topic
Regarding food safety,
a. Explain whether there is a greater risk for E. coli O157:H7 infection when consuming
a hamburger compared to consuming a steak.
b. Also, discuss whether or not food poisoning can still occur after consuming a
reheated pot of soup known to be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus.

Answer preview to there is a greater risk for E. coli O157:H7 infection when consuming a hamburger compared to consuming a steak.

There is a greater risk for E. coli O157:H7 infection when consuming a hamburger compared to consuming a steak.

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

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