Should childhood immunizations be mandatory or optional

Should childhood immunizations be mandatory or optional

The United States’ health-related views and laws are shaped by social, political, and historical factors that are often part of the larger debate over individual rights versus the collective good.

Although this debate reaches beyond the focus of this week’s topic, discuss and weigh in on some of the following issues:

Should childhood immunizations be mandatory or optional?

Should the government regulate workplace safety, or does this type of regulation stall the growth of companies and the economy?

Should higher insurance rates or taxes be used to punish poor health choices (e.g., cigarettes, “junk” food)? Would this be unfair to individuals, or is this fair since all Americans pay a portion of the healthcare costs to care for these choices?

When, if ever, does national security trump state or individual rights? In major health pandemics? In cases of bioterrorism or biologic weapons?

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You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

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Assignment: What Is EPatient

Assignment: What Is EPatient

Almost all you will be surprised to learn that the original “e” in epatient did not refer to anything electronic.

What did it mean? Does the original meaning matter today, or is it irrelevant, considering the newer and overwhelmingly more recognized technology-related connotation?

Elaborate on this topic in two paragraphs. Assignment: What Is EPatient

 

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages. Assignment: What Is EPatient

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

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I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

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In regard to health care benefits, should individuals be made responsible for lifestyle choices

In regard to health care benefits, should individuals be made responsible for lifestyle choices

Utah and Nevada, which lie side by side in the west, are similar in climate, levels of income, level of health care delivery, and many other aspects. Yet Utah residents are reported to be among the healthiest in the United States and Nevada residents among the least healthy. At least on the surface, this difference appears to result as a function of a lifestyle choice. Utah is inhabited primarily by the Mormons, who, by religious doctrine, avoid alcohol, Cigarette, and illicit drug use and often live in large, stable families. Alcohol and cigarette consumption are higher in Nevada, and family structure there appears less stable.

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Questions

1. In regard to health care benefits, should individuals be made responsible for lifestyle choices? For example, would you favor a risk analysis component for health insurance deductibles? A person who is a heavy smoker or drinker or a divorced adult would pay higher premiums or deductibles in the same way that those with poor driving records pay higher auto insurance rates.
2. What prohibitions would you consider putting in place to curb alcohol, cigarettes, and drug use?
3. What incentives might be considered to promote stable families, as this seems to have a positive impact on health care costs?

 

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

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All healthcare organizations need capital to acquire the facilities, equipment, and other assets needed to run the business.

All healthcare organizations need capital to acquire the facilities, equipment, and other assets needed to run the business.

All healthcare organizations need capital to acquire the facilities, equipment, and other assets needed to run the business. They can finance their ongoing activities and future operations in a variety of ways, including equity or debt financing, or even a combination of both. Each approach has merits and shortfalls. Address the following requirements:

• Detail some of the advantages and disadvantages of debt financing.
• Select a healthcare provider and explain how it uses debt to finances its operations whether you think this is the best approach given their circumstances.

Be sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing all sources referenced. Post your initial response early and check back often to continue the discussion

 

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You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

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Health Care Provider Groups

Health Care Provider Groups

Assignment Components

The formal paper assignment is worth 35% of your final grade in this class. There are six parts to this developmental writing assignment. A developmental writing assignment means that there are multiple graded parts of the assignment. Breaking down such a large assignment into many component parts helps students by providing more instances of feedback throughout the semester. The six parts of the assignments are described below. Health Care Provider Groups

 

A. First, you must propose your topic. The formal paper must be a focused healthcare ethics topic that can be adequately addressed in a double-spaced 6-8 page paper. It cannot be a topic that has already been approved for another student. Topics must undergo an approval process before you begin your work. Approval is done on a first-come, first-approved basis. Please submit your topic request via the link provided. To save time you may want to list several topic options. The deadline for getting your topic approved is the Friday of Week 3. Gaining approval before the deadline is worth 20 points.

 

Here are some tips for choosing a topic:

1. A topic must be focused enough to be adequately addressed in a 6-8 page which is double-spaced.

2. Here is an example of a topic that is much too broad to be adequately addressed in a paper of this length: The Ethical Considerations of Football Concussions. Entire books are written on this topic. A more focused topic is required. For example, a topic like The Impact of Baseline Concussion Testing on the Ethics of Youth Football Participation would be much more appropriate.

 

B. The second part of this assignment is completing the Formal Paper Quiz. This quiz is due on Friday of Week 4. The quiz will focus on the formal paper’s instructions. This quiz is worth 10 points.

 

C. The third part of the assignment is identifying the stakeholders and health care provider groups that will be presented in the third and fourth parts of the Formal Papers. Completing this part of the assignment is worth 50 points. This assignment is due on the Friday of Week 6.

 

D. The fourth part of the assignment is submitting an annotated bibliography consisting of at least ten peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to your approved topic. This assignment is due on the Monday of Week 9. Each article should have a properly constructed reference (either in APA or AMA format – pick one and use it throughout the assignment). Following each reference, you should write a 1-2 paragraph annotation that includes an original synopsis of the article’s purpose, conclusions, salient points, and relevance to the Formal Paper assignment in a paragraph. Regarding relevance to the Formal Paper assignment, connections should be drawn to important constructs of the assignment. These constructs include ethics, healthcare, autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, justice, stakeholders, and healthcare professional groups. Original writing means that the annotation is paraphrased and written in your own words. This must be submitted as a Microsoft Word document. The annotated bibliography is worth 100 points.

 

F. The fifth part of the assignment is completing a peer-review of two other student’s papers. Completing the peer reviews is worth 50 points. A peer-review draft (approved topics only) of your paper is due no later than Monday of Week 10. Your reviews of the other student’s papers are due by Monday of Week 11. This should not be a rough draft; rather the expectation is that you have edited this paper heavily and refined it with the assistance of the ISU Writing Center.

 

G. The sixth part of this assignment is submitting a final copy of your formal paper (approved topics only). The deadline for submitting this assignment is the Friday of Week 14. The final copy is worth 120 points.

 

Please note that this paper requires comprehensive and objective considerations of the approved topic. Be sure to propose a topic that clearly articulates an objective intent.

 

 

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Technical Parameters

The Formal Paper’s technical parameters are: 1. Students are expected to complete an in-depth research paper on an approved topic from the readings pertaining to healthcare and ethics. 2. Papers MUST use 12 point font, with a 1″ header, footer, and margins. The paper must be double-spaced. 3. The Annotated Bibliography and both Papers must be computer generated using Microsoft Word. 4. The length of the paper is 6-8 pages. A reference page (or pages) is in addition to this. 5. Since the paper will be turned in electronically, there is no need to have a cover page. Please do not include an abstract. 6. At least 10 peer-reviewed journal articles must be cited and referenced. You can use either AMA or APA style. Information and examples of AMA and APA style are located on the Getting Started section of the course website. 7. The following headings are required:

A. Introduction and Background, B. Analysis of the Four Primary Ethical Principles, C. Stakeholder’s Perspectives, D. Implications for Health Care Provider Groups, E. Conclusion. 8. The grading scheme for the final copy formal paper is as follows:

Introduction and Background= 10- points Analysis of the Four Primary Ethical Principles = 20 pts Stakeholder’s Perspectives = 20 pts Implications for Health Care Provider Groups = 20 pts Conclusion = 10 pts AMA or APA Style, Free of spelling, grammar, and style errors = 15 pts References = 25 pts 9. Please remember that this paper requires comprehensive and objective considerations of the approved topic. Your opinion on the issue is not part of the formal paper assignment. 10. No more than one small quoted phrase or sentence can be used. If you opt to go this route, choose the quote carefully to make an impact. Other than that one quoted phrase or sentence, you should cite the source of the idea but use your own words.

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Annotated Bibliography Checklist

Formal Paper’s Annotated Bibliography Check List

Before submitting your Formal Paper’s Annotated Bibliography, please use this checklist.

Criterion	YES	NO	Notes from the Assignment’s Instructions
Plagiarism		NO!	You should not plagiarize. This assignment requires original writing and paraphrasing.
Approved topic	YES!		The topic of the paper must be the same as the proposal
Late Submission		NO!	A progressive late penalty will be assessed if the deadline is missed. See the syllabus for details.

 

REFERENCES

CRITERION	YES	NO	Notes from the Assignment’s Instructions
10 PRJAs	YES!		At least 10 peer-reviewed journal articles should be included.
Correct reference format	YES!		Use either APA (a) or AMA style. Pick one and use it throughout the assignment.

 

ANNOTATIONS

CRITERION	YES	NO	Notes from the Assignment’s Instructions
Personal Opinions		NO!	Personal opinions are not appropriate in the annotations.
Direct Quotes		NO!	Direct quotes are not to be used in the annotations.
Appropriate Style of Writing	YES!		The annotations should be written in a formal style. Formal writing is characterized by academic tone, use of the third-person rather than first-person perspective, a clear focus, precise word choice, and efficiency, accuracy. You should avoid using clichés, intensifiers, nominalizations, and stock phrases, implied modifiers, paired synonyms, passive voice. Short, declarative sentences are easier to understand than lengthy ones. APA Style: Use parenthetical citations rather than signal phrases.
Synopsis of the Article’s Purpose included	YES!		The purpose statement if an article is typically at the beginning of the article. It is the article’s intention or objective. This information should be paraphrased.
Conclusions included	YES!		The purpose statement if an article is typically at the end of the article. It is often referred to as results. This information should be paraphrased.
Salient points included	YES!		Salient points are those that are important, and unique. This information should be paraphrased.
Relevance to ethics, healthcare, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, stakeholders, and healthcare professional groups	YES!		These are the constructs of the Formal Paper Assignment. Identifying how the reference provides evidence relating your topic to these constructs will help you organize your paper and provide fodder for how you can ensure that references are cited throughout each section of the paper. This information should be paraphrased.

 

 

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Formal Paper Check List

Formal Paper Check List

You should use this check list when preparing and completing the Peer-Review Copy of your Formal Paper and the Final Copy, please use this checklist.

Criterion	YES	NO	Notes from the Assignment’s Instructions
Plagiarism		NO!	You should not plagiarize. This assignment requires original writing.
Approved topic	YES!		The topic of the paper must be the same as the proposal.
Title page		NO!	A title page should not be used. If one is there, please remove it. Also, title page information should not be placed on the initial page.
Abstract		NO!	An abstract should not be used.
Formatting parameters used	YES!		12 point font; 1” header, footer, and margins; double-spaced; computer-generated in MS Word: and no cover page or abstract.
Body of paper length 6-8 formatted pages	YES!		The length of the body of the paper should be 6-8 pages. This does not include references.
10 PRJAs cited and referenced	YES!		At least ten peer-reviewed journal articles should be cited and referenced.
Correct reference format	YES!		Use either APA (a) or AMA style. Pick one and use it throughout the assignment.
Correct citation format	YES!		Use either APA (a) or AMA style. Pick one and use it throughout the assignment.
Headings used	YES!		The following headings are required: Introduction and Background; Analysis of Four Ethical Principles; Stakeholder’s Perspectives; Implications for Multiple Health Care Professional Groups; and Conclusion.
Personal opinions		NO!	Personal opinions are not appropriate in this assignment.
Direct quotes not overused	YES!		Direct quotes are limited to one, and it must be short (<40 words). Other material should be paraphrased (placed in your own words) and properly cited.
Appropriate style of writing	YES!		The paper should be formal. Formal writing is characterized by academic tone, use of the third-person rather than first-person perspective, a clear focus, precise word choice, and efficiency, accuracy. You should avoid using clichés, intensifiers, nominalizations, and stock phrases, implied modifiers, paired synonyms, passive voice. Short, declarative sentences are easier to understand than lengthy ones. APA Style: Use parenthetical citations rather than signal phrases.
Introduction and Background is well written	YES!		Use this section of the paper to present a preliminary overview of the issue or topic. It should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.
Analysis of Four Ethical Principles is well written	YES!		The ethical principles which guide this section are autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-malfeasance. Each of these should be well analyzed in reference to the approved topic. It should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.
Stakeholder’s Perspectives is well written	YES!		Stakeholders are people and organizations which either influence or are subject to influence for a particular influence. Their perspective is to be elaborated on robustly. Some common stakeholders include the public, patients and families, health care professionals, and sometimes lawyers. Other stakeholders may exist and are specific to the issue. It should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.
Implications for Multiple Health Care Professional Groups is well written	YES!		Implications are likely consequences of an issue or situation. Discuss the implications of the approved topic as it relates to the healthcare professional groups most likely to be involved. At least two different health care professional groups should be included in this section. It should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.
Conclusion is well written	YES!		Use this section to tie together all the parts of the paper and form a summation.
Late Submission		NO!	A progressive late penalty will be assessed if the deadline is missed. See the syllabus for details.

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Explanations of the Formal Paper Sections

Introduction – Use this section of the paper to present a preliminary overview of the issue or topic. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited. Analysis of the Four Primary Ethical Principles – The ethical principles which guide this section are autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-malfeasance. Your topic should be analyzed with these four primary ethical principles. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited. Stakeholder’s Perspectives – Stakeholders are people and organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue. They likely influence or are subject to the influence of others. Some common stakeholders include the patients and their families, specific healthcare provider groups (like physicians, or nurses), hospital or clinic administrators, lawyers, a business, and healthcare organizations (like the American Heart Association). Other stakeholders may exist and are specific to the issue. This section should be richly cited with information from PRJAs.

This section should be organized with an initial paragraph that briefly identifies the stakeholders. Subsequent paragraphs should delve into the stakeholder’s perspectives.

Implications for Health Care Provider Groups – Implications are likely consequences of an issue or situation. In this section, you should discuss the implications of the issue as it relates to at least two healthcare provider groups (like physicians, nurses) who are most likely to be involved with your topic. Please note that the Health Care Provider Groups must be groups of professionals that actually provide health care to patients. Please use terms like physicians, nurses, social workers, athletic trainers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, etc. The groups you include should be the health care professions that are most consequential to your approved topic. This section should contain information from your peer-reviewed journal articles and be richly cited.

This section should be organized with an initial paragraph that briefly identifies the healthcare provider groups. Subsequent paragraphs should delve into the implications as they affect each group individually.

Conclusion – Use this section to tie together all the parts of the paper and form a summation.

 

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Reminder about Peer Reviewed Journal Articles

Peer-reviewed articles (PRJA) are a subset of scholarly articles. They are special because they are published in academic journals that explicitly state that submitted manuscripts will undergo peer-review.

In academic publishing, the goal of peer review is to assess the quality of articles submitted for publication in a scholarly journal. Before an article is deemed appropriate to be published in a peer-reviewed journal, it must undergo the following process:

· The author of the article must submit it to the journal editor who forwards the article to experts in the field. Because the reviewers specialize in the same scholarly area as the author, they are considered the author’s peers (hence “peer review”).

· These impartial reviewers are charged with carefully evaluating the quality of the submitted manuscript.

· The peer reviewers check the manuscript for accuracy and assess the validity of the research methodology and procedures.

· If appropriate, they suggest revisions. If they find the article lacking in scholarly validity and rigor, they reject it.

· Because a peer-reviewed journal will not publish articles that fail to meet the standards established for a given discipline, peer-reviewed articles that are accepted for publication exemplify the best research practices in a field. PRJAs do not come from magazines or newspapers. Magazine and newspaper articles sometimes identify peer-reviewed journal articles, so it is possible to use them in order to find a peer-reviewed journal article. A published journal is the entity that defines whether or not its articles are peer-reviewed. Another word that is a synonym of peer-review is refereed. Once you find an article that appears to support your response, you should check with the journal to determine if it is peer-reviewed or not. Virtually all journals will have a website.

· Let’s say that you have articles from 3 periodicals that appear to support your response. They are The Journal of the American Medical Association, Nature, and The New York Times. Take a moment and review these websites, remembering that if a journal does not state that it is peer-reviewed, it is not.

· Upon reviewing the websites, you will see that both JAMA and Nature are peer-reviewed, but the New Your Times is not.

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